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Doncaster Astronomical Society www.donastro.freeserve.co.uk e-mail to : space@donastro.freeserve.co.uk
Updated 2 March 2006
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Spring Sky
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THE SPRING NIGHT SKY April The Moon at the start of April will be thin having been New on the 29th March, for the Solar Eclipse. It will be at first quarter on the 5th rising at 10.18 am so it will be a daytime sight for the first week. Full Moon is on the 13th and all the second week it will be visible at night for Lunarphiles and Were-Rabbits.
Third quarter is on the 21st. It will rise at 4am, so for the first half
of the third week it'll be a pain to Deep Sky folk but getting better as
the week progresses. New Moon will be on the 27th and for all the last week of
April it'll be pleasantly co-operative to the DS folk, getting thinner and
rising later by the week end. Of course, it may be like March when we
couldn't see it anyway because of the clouds, so come back Moon, you're always
better than clouds. The
Sun will rise about 0630 at the start of the month and an hour earlier at
the end, similarly it sets at 1940pm at the start and at 2030 by the end,
giving two hours more daylight this month. Planets. Mars
is a bit of a mover this month, moving about 16 Deg across the sky from just
south of Elnath, the upper horn tip of Taurus on the 1st, to within half a
degree of Mebsuta near the middle of Gemini (the Twins), passing within half a
degree of M35 on the 17th. Whatever its movements, it isn't much to
look at now, being a pretty small disc at 5 arcsec. It will be
bright and orange, so still be easy to find. Venus
is very bright at –4 mag. in the mornings all month though low
just before dawn. At the start of the month just before dawn you'll find
the morning group of Neptune, Venus 6 Deg behind, Uranus, another 17 Deg
behind and Mercury a further 3 Deg behind, with the Sun bringing up the rear a
further 26 Deg behind. But the Sun is a bit brighter than the others
even before it rises it'll make seeing the planets, other than Venus,
very difficult. Neptune is far ahead enough to be seen, but only with a
telescope. By month end they'll have strung out with Neptune 24 Deg
ahead of Uranus which will have overtaken Venus by 11 Deg. With Mercury
another 24 Deg behind and the Sun 20 Deg behind that. Uranus passes Venus on
the 18th at about 9am when they'll be less than a third of a degree
apart. Though we'll be able to see Venus at that time, if I'm awake, Uranus
will be impossible. Tempting to try though. The
one to watch, as the BBC keeps saying, is still Saturn, in Cancer,
at 0 mag and yellow. Easy to pick out just in front of Leo's lion shape.
Always good to look at in a telescope and better with good seeing when you can
see up to 7 of its moons.
Meteor
showers, just the Lyrids peaking on the 22nd. Not a big shower. There is a comet, with a complicated name, 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann, that can be seen, in telescopes, 6 Degrees to the left, east, of Arcturus, at mag 12. It travels north eastwards and by month's end will end up a degree and a half short of the bottom right star of the Hercules Keystone. M13 the great Globular, will be just 5 Degrees to the north. The comet will have brightened to mag 8 by then, and be visible in binoculars. If you need to know its path I can send you a chart of its position each night. A couple of interesting points about this comet, it's brightness is due to its proximity (about the closest comet to Earth), rather than because of its albedo or size. It's also progressively breaking up as it passes the Sun each tour. So it's not just the one piece but a string of pieces. This is the best time of the year to see galaxies as the centre of the Virgo Cluster of Galaxies, which is in Virgo of all places. There are millions of them but none is visible to the naked eye, as you might expect, all being well beyond our galaxy's borders. They spread from Leo through Coma Berenices, Canes Venatici and Ursa Major. Most are faint and not visible unless you use a CCD camera, though there are many that can be seen in telescopes, particularly on the Coma/ Virgo border, where Messier found 16 and another 5 under the belly of Leo. He found another 9 around Ursa Major. Many are spirals, but all need long exposure pictures to bring out their beauty. The largest we know of is M87, an elliptical, in the middle of the Virgo Cluster. It's about 60 million light years away and estimated to be up to 500 thousand ly across, where our galaxy, the Milky Way, is estimated at 150 thousand. Whereas the Milky Way is almost flat, M87 is elliptical so contains more stars, one estimate is 2.7 trillion, whatever that is. The Virgo Cluster is the one to which our Local Group of 30 odd galaxies belongs.
The Moon
Asteroids
and Comets Asteroid and Comet track predictions can be obtained by clicking the link below. This opens a new window. Just close the window to return to this page.
Meteor Showers The following meteor showers are observable:
The Constellations It’s now time
to say farewell to Orion and Taurus and hello to Leo, Virgo, Coma and their
many galaxies. As an observer more interested in deep sky, rather than planetary
observing, it’s my favorite time of year – Messier marathon season and late
nights / early morning observing of the numerous spiral and elliptical
galaxies, planetary nebula and globular clusters on display. – It’s heaven! For those of
you who are more dedicated (or hopeless insomniacs) reading this article, you
can once again marvel at the summer triangle in the early hours of an April
morning. I unfortunately must confess to being one of few people who have
watched Altair rise to complete the triangle – in mid February shortly before
sunrise, having not had a minutes sleep all night!!. Bootes Bootes “The
Herdsman” begins to start its climb to the zenith and is dominated by the
star Arcturus, the fourth brightest star in the night sky and the brightest
north of the celestial equator. Arcturus is of spectral class K1 and is of
orange colour shining at magnitude –0.1. Coincidentally due to its distance
of approximately 36 light years its absolute magnitude is little different at
–0.2 (Absolute magnitude is the brightness a star would have if it were
placed at 10 parsecs – 1 parsec is 3.258 light years – hence 10 parsecs is
32.6 light years). Arcturus is one of the easiest stars to locate, simply
follow the tail of Ursa Major – it’s the first really bright star you come
to. Epsilon Bootes is an excellent double star sometimes referred to as
Pulcherrima or “most beautiful”. There are no prominent deep sky objects in Bootes. Virgo Virgo, “The
Virgin”, is dominated by Spica and is unmistakable, simply continue the line
drawn from the tail of Ursa Major through Arcturus and the next bright star
is Spica. Virgo itself forms a prominent “Y” shape below and to the left of
Leo. Spica is the sixteenth brightest
star in the heavens and is of apparent magnitude 1.0 having a spectral class
of B1, an absolute magnitude of –3.1 and lying at a distance of approximately
210 light years (depending on which reference books you refer to). Spica
translates literally in meaning to “Ear of Corn”. The most famous
deep sky object in Virgo has become M104 “The Sombrero Galaxy”, this is a
very bright edge on spiral galaxy of magnitude 8.3, the central dust lane is
visible in a 12” scope and it is one of the largest galaxies that we know of.
The Virgo cluster of galaxies is made up of M49, M58, M59, M60, M84, M86,
M87, M89 and M90 all of these galaxies lie in a close grouping between the
stars Epsilon and Omicron Virginis. M87 is an
absolute monster of a galaxy with an estimated mass of one trillion
(1,000,000,000,000) solar masses. This giant elliptical galaxy has an
accompaniment of some 4000 globular clusters and is also known as X-ray
source Virgo A. It has a supermassive black hole at its centre and there is a
very famous photograph of it emitting a gas jet. The gas jet was photographed
as early as 1918 by Heber Curtis at the Lick Observatory but it is only in
recent times that we have begun to understand what powers this 4000 light
year long celestial searchlight. The other
Messier object in Virgo is M61, this lies just below the Virgo cluster but is
not a member of it. Corona Borealis Corona
Borealis, “Northern Crown”, lies to the left of Bootes and is in the shape of
a semicircle made up of several feint magnitude stars. Alpha Coronae, the star
Alphekka is of apparent magnitude 2.2 and lies at a distance of 78 light
years, it is some 130 times more luminous than our own Sun. The most
interesting star in Corona Borealis is “R” Coronae which forms an equilateral
triangle with the stars Gamma and Eta north of the crown. It is a variable
star that is rich in carbon and its variability is caused by the ejection of
soot into its upper layers (in simplistic terms). There are no
deep sky objects of interest in this constellation. Sextans Sextans, “The
Sextant”, lies south of Leo, the stars Alpha and Beta Sextantis both lie more
or less exactly on the celestial equator. The only real feature here is the
elliptical galaxy NGC 3115 “The Spindle Galaxy”. Hydra Hydra, “The
Watersnake”, trails beneath the constellations of Cancer, Leo and Virgo and
it is the largest constellation in the sky since the conversion of Argo Navis
– (see the last edition of First Light for details). The only bright star is
Alpha Hydrae, Alphard, this has an apparent magnitude 1.98 and is of spectral
type K3. The name translates as “Solitary One” this is quite apt, as there
are no other bright stars in this region of the sky. Hydra contains
three Messier objects M83 (a face on spiral galaxy), M68 (a globular cluster)
and M 48 (an open cluster easily visible in binoculars with a magnitude of
5.8). My favourite object in Hydra is however none of these, it is the
planetary nebula NGC3242, this is located just below the star Mu Hydrae and
has the well known name of “The Ghost Of Jupiter”. The name is derived from
its appearance when viewed even through a small telescope. It is easily
observable and is of magnitude 8.6, it is a planetary nebula that will take
lots of power, so crank up the magnification and enhance the nebula with an OIII
filter to observe it at its best. Coma Berenices Coma Berenices,
“Berenices Hair”, is not known for its stars but for its fine collection of
galaxies. It can be located between Beta Leonis (Denebola) and Alpha Bootis
(Arcturus); it lies roughly half way between the two. The brightest star is
Beta Comae Berenicis with an apparent magnitude of 4.26 although Alpha,
Diadem, has a magnitude of 4.32 and Gamma is 4.35 so all are quite
similar. Coma has a
number of Messier objects, M53 a superb magnitude 7.7 globular cluster that
will allow you to resolve individual stars with scopes above 8”, this lies at
a distance of approximately 60,000 light years. M64 “The Black Eye Galaxy” is
a spiral galaxy although the dust lane that gives this galaxy its appearance,
and that leads to its name, cannot be observed with anything less than a 10”
scope. The other Messier objects are strictly parts of the Virgo cluster that
cross over the Virgo / Coma constellation boundary, these are M85, M88, M91,
M98, M99 and M100. Canes Venatici Canes Venatici,
“The Hunting Dogs”, is made up of only two obvious stars. Alpha Canum
Venaticorum, named by Edmund Halley Cor Caroli, in honour of King Charles I,
it translates as Charles’ Heart. Cor Caroli is a double star that has a
yellow primary and blue secondary star that are split by 20 arc seconds, the
primary is of magnitude 3.2 and the secondary component is of magnitude 5.7
and is easily split and visible in even small telescopes. Beta Canum
Venaticorum, Chara, is of magnitude 4.26 and also of note is Gamma Canum
Venaticorum that lies approximately one third of the way from Chara towards
Mizar or Zeta Ursae Majoris, this is visually one of the reddest stars in the
night sky. M3 is a
globular cluster that lies almost on the boundary with Bootes and is of
magnitude 6.4 located at a distance of approximately 40000 light years. M51
“The Whirlpool Galaxy” is famous as it was the galaxy that led to Lord Rosse
uncovering the true nature of spiral galaxy structure in 1845, it lies close
to Alkaid, Eta Ursae Majoris. M51 has an accompanying galaxy NGC 5195 that
links up with it, this was easily observable through the 12” LX200 on our
recent visit to Wales although it is quite difficult from Doncaster to see
any spiral structure at all even in M51. M94 is a spiral galaxy of magnitude
8.2, M106 is a spiral galaxy of magnitude 8.3. The final Messier object is
M63 located at a distance of approximately 35 million light years. Libra Libra “The
Scales” is located between Virgo and Scorpius, it used to be part of Scorpius
and the link with Scorpius is obvious, its two primary stars Alpha Librae,
Zubenelgenubi (southern claw) and
Beta Librae Zubeneschamali (northern claw). There are no
deep sky objects of note in Libra. Leo is one of
the few constellations that resemble what they are meant to, the shape of a
lion is unmistakable. In mythology Leo represents the lion killed by Hercules
as one of his twelve labours.
This page was updated on 2 April 2006
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